🏷️ Tunniste: cosmology

We have seen that three spatial dimensions are not just the stage on which physics happens.

They help determine what kinds of physics can happen at all. Change the number of large spatial dimensions, and familiar structures begin to strain. Gravity and electric forces behave differently. Stable orbits become harder to arrange. Atoms and chemistry may lose the reliable bound states they need. Even topology changes: knots, entanglements, and certain kinds of persistent structure belong very naturally to three dimensions.

So the question becomes sharper.

Does this explain why space is three-dimensional?

Or does it only explain why beings like us could only find themselves in a universe where something like three-dimensional space was already in place?

That is a different kind of question. It is not mainly about calculating orbits or atoms anymore. It is about what counts as an explanation.

Two different kinds of answer

There are at least two ways an explanation of three-dimensional space might work.

One would be a physical necessity explanation.

That kind of explanation would say: the deeper laws of reality require exactly three large spatial dimensions. Space is 3D because, at a more fundamental level, it could not have been otherwise. Some hidden principle, symmetry, consistency condition, or deeper theory would force this structure into place.

In schematic form:

deeper law → three large spatial dimensions

A common objection to the idea that three-dimensional space is special goes something like this:

If modern physics talks about 10 or 11 dimensions, why make such a big deal out of three?

It is a fair question. On the surface, it sounds like a contradiction. One page says that three spatial dimensions are unusually friendly to stable orbits, atoms, chemistry, and durable complexity. Another part of physics seems to say that reality may have many more dimensions than that.

The way out is not to choose one claim and throw away the other. The way out is to notice that the word dimension is doing more than one job.

The claim that three dimensions are special is a claim about large spatial dimensions: the extended directions in which ordinary objects can move freely. Left and right. Forward and back. Up and down.

The extra dimensions in Kaluza-Klein theory, string theory, M-theory, and related frameworks are usually not imagined as additional large directions like those. They are hidden, compactified, constrained, or otherwise inaccessible at ordinary scales.

That difference matters.

The dimensions we live through

Everyday life appears to unfold in what physicists often call (3+1)-dimensional spacetime:

• three spatial dimensions
• one time dimension

The “3” is not just a label on a coordinate system. It affects how physical influence spreads through space. Gravity, electric fields, orbital motion, and atomic structure all depend on the dimensional setting in which they occur.